Throughout the 18th century, Catalonia experienced economic growth. This led to the eclipse of Catalan as a language of government and literature, replaced by Spanish. During the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), the Crown of Aragon sided against the Bourbon Philip V of Spain following Catalan defeat on 11 September 1714, Philip V imposed a unifying administration across Spain, enacting the Nueva Planta decrees which, like in the other realms of the Crown of Aragon, suppressed the Catalan institutions and rights. By the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), the northern parts of Catalonia, mostly the Roussillon, were ceded to France. In 1469, the king of Aragon and the queen of Castile were married and ruled their realms together, retaining all of their distinct institutions and legislation.ĭuring the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Catalonia revolted (1640–1652) against a large and burdensome presence of the royal army, being briefly proclaimed a republic under French protection until it was largely reconquered by the Spanish army.
In the later Middle Ages, Catalan literature flourished. Within the Crown, the Catalan counties adopted a common polity, the Principality of Catalonia, developing its institutional system, such as Courts, Generalitat and constitutions, becoming the base for the Crown's Mediterranean trade and expansionism. In 1137, Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon were united by marriage under the Crown of Aragon. In the 10th century, the County of Barcelona became progressively independent. In the late 8th century, various counties across the eastern Pyrenees were established by the Frankish kingdom as a defensive barrier against Muslim invasions. The official languages are Catalan, Spanish, and the Aranese dialect of Occitan. It is bordered by France ( Occitanie) and Andorra to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east, and the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon to the west and Valencia to the south. It comprises most of the former Principality of Catalonia (with the remainder Roussillon now part of France's Pyrénées-Orientales). The capital and largest city, Barcelona is the second-most populated municipality in Spain and the fifth-most populous urban area in the European Union. Catalonia is administratively divided into four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, to the south of the Pyrenees mountain range.
Saint George ( Sant Jordi), Virgin of MontserratĬatalonia ( / ˌ k æ t ə ˈ l oʊ n i ə/ Catalan: Catalunya Aranese Occitan: Catalonha Spanish: Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.
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